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How to teach fractions to kids
Fractions click when children can see them. Start with equal parts of real things, then pictures, then the number line, and only then the rules. Most fraction trouble in 4th and 5th grade comes from rules learned without the picture behind them.
In the US, 3rd grade focuses on what a fraction is, the number line and simple comparing. 4th grade adds equivalent fractions and adding with the same denominator, and 5th grade adds fractions with different denominators.
A teaching order, with examples
- Equal parts. Fold a paper strip into 4 equal parts. One part is 1/4. Ask: "Are the parts equal?"
- Number line. Mark 0 and 1, split the gap into 4 equal jumps, and label them up to 4/4. Point out 4/4 = 1.
- Comparing. Line up strips: 1/3 > 1/4, because thirds are bigger pieces.
- Equivalent fractions. Fold the halves strip again: 1/2 = 2/4.
- Adding. Same-size pieces add like objects: 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4.
6 questions to try together
- 1/2 ◯ 1/3
- 3/8 ◯ 5/8
- 1/2 = ?/4
- 2/3 = ?/6
- 1/4 + 2/4 = ?
- 1/2 of 10 = ?
Use <, > or = for the ◯.
Show answers
- 1/2 > 1/3
- 3/8 < 5/8
- 1/2 = 2/4
- 2/3 = 4/6
- 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4
- 1/2 of 10 = 5
Tips for parents
- Use food, paper strips and measuring cups before worksheets.
- Say fractions as words: "three fourths" means three of four equal parts.
- A bigger bottom number means smaller pieces. This is the most common mix-up.
Questions parents ask
What is the best way to explain fractions to a child?
Start with equal parts of something real, like a folded paper strip or a sandwich, and say what each part is called. Move to the number line once the idea of equal parts is solid.